Some of important OOB features are listed below:

CQWP:

• The Content Query Web Part is a very handy tool in SharePoint Standard and SharePoint Enterprise only i.e. not available at SharePoint Foundation.
• The CQWP is used to display the content by querying, filtering and sorting.
• The CQWP can fetch the data based on content types.
• By default, we can group and sort by only one field.
• Minimum designer level permissions required.
• CQWP is part of a bundle of features called “SharePoint Server Publishing Infrastructure”.
• The Content Query Web part cannot fetch data across site collections. If you really need it, you can take a look at the Lightning Conductor Web Part.
• Ref: http://sharepointlogics.com/2012/03/how-to-use-content-query-webpart-in.html

DVWP:

• A Data View Web part is a great way to display data with filtering, grouping, and user desired formatting.
• SharePoint Designer is required for developing DVWP.
• DVWP can fetch data from data sources other than lists like xml files.
• DVWP can fetch data from other site collection.
• DVWP can merge data from more than one list.

CQWP:

• The Content Editor Web Part (CEWP) allows you to add text, html, scripts or styles to a SharePoint page.

XSLT list Web part:

• Introduced in SP2010.
• In SharePoint 2010, all views in lists and libraries are XSLT list view web parts. This means that you can edit views from the browser or from SharePoint Designer 2010.

CSWP:

• Introduced in SP 2013.
• The Content Search Web Part (CSWP) is a Web Part that displays search results based on a search query.

Difference between user control and webpart?

Webparts are like user controls, user controls are added in code but webparts are added at runtime.
The advantage of Web User Control is that you can use Visual Web Developer to design the web user control and in normal web parts all controls are created in the code itself i.e. on “CreateChildControls” method only.

User Control	Web Part
User controls are based on Microsoft ASP.NET, and most developers are familiar with developing user controls. This improves productivity.	In general, developers are not familiar with creating child controls by writing the code from scratch.
User controls can be used with ASP.NET -based solutions. If you decide later to convert a project containing a user control to an ASP.NET -based solution, you should be able to use the control without making any changes.	Web Parts can be used in ASP.NET -based solutions only when the solution uses Web Parts pages.
The Visual Web Developer designer provides support for designing the UI by using drag-and-drop operations that gives the control a consistent look-and-feel, which results in faster development.	The controls in Web Parts must be added by using code.
User controls must be compiled before use, which adds to the time it takes to load the control.	Web Parts are precompiled and ready for use as soon as you need them.